Functional characterization is a research area that involves studying the biological functions of genes, proteins, or other molecules within a biological system. This can include determining the biochemical activities, interactions, and regulatory roles of these molecules, as well as their involvement in various cellular processes or pathways. Functional characterization often involves a combination of experimental techniques such as genetic manipulation, protein purification, enzymatic assays, and cellular imaging to gain a better understanding of how specific molecules contribute to the overall function of a biological system. This research area is essential for advancing our knowledge of basic biological processes and for identifying potential therapeutic targets for various diseases.